PREV2™ Enhances Performance, Energy, and Blood Flow During Exercise
BCAAX™ Drives Recovery and Prevents Muscle Breakdown During Training
RIPTX™ Fires Up Fat Metabolism and Thermogenesis
Train Hard, Recover Harder
Perfect Stack for Extreme Muscle Gains
Delicious Flavors
Clinical Dosing & Fully Transparent Labels

About

The Ultimate Stack is composed of all three of Purge Sports’ perfectly engineered supplements, PREV2™, BCAAX™, and RIPTX™. There’s nothing quite like a muscular and lean physique – such a look could aptly be titled, “The Ultimate Physique” – and that is the exact concept behind the Ultimate Stack. Take your workouts to the next level with PREV2™; build and sustain lean muscle with BCAAX™; and shed unwanted, unsightly body fat with RIPTX™.

PREV2™ provides an industry-leading 20 gram serving size, filled with efficaciously dosed, clinically-validated ingredients for high-octane workouts.
BCAAX™ combines fully-dosed BCAAs, EAAs, and leucine metabolite, HICA, for peak recovery rates and minimal muscle catabolism for huge net increases in muscle balance.
RIPTX™ uses 4 precisely crafted ingredient matrices to stimulate thermogenesis, manage appetite, activate lipolysis, and shift metabolism to rely on fatty acids.
Using PREV2™ to fuel intense training sessions is complemented by using BCAAX™ for intra-workout muscle catabolism reduction.
Pairing the increased caloric expenditure created by RIPTX™ with the muscle-preserving effects of BCAAX™ is the perfect way to lose body fat while keeping muscles in an anabolic state.
Getting an intense workout by using PREV2™ before training primes the body to burn more calories, and non-exercise thermogenesis is increased with RIPTX™ for constant fat loss.

If there’s any secret to getting the body you want, it’s not to eat less and move more – it’s to move a lot more and eat according to your goals. It’s a tricky balance to have visible muscle and low body fat at the same time, but to progress in both directions is not impossible – it just takes good training, good dieting, and proper supplementation. If you want to strive for The Ultimate Physique, simplify the process, and get the Ultimate Stack. Better Workouts. More Muscle. Less Fat.

Supp Facts

PREV2™

BCAAX™

RIPTX™

Ingredients

PREV2™

Vitamin B12 (as methylcobalamin)
Cobalamin (B12) may be the most popular of the B vitamins. Indeed, B12 does help with energy as well as oxygen transport and nervous system function.

In B12-deficient athletes and ill persons, supplementation with B12 enhances endurance.
Required for the formation of hemoglobin and prevents pernicious anemia.
Involved in the replication of DNA.

Niacin
Niacin is a form of Vitamin B3. Vitamin B3 is found in many foods including yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans, and cereal grains.

Niacin promotes health in the nervous system, digestive system, skin, hair and eyes.
Niacin has long been used to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or the “good,” cholesterol. HDL cholesterol helps sweep up low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or the “bad,” cholesterol, in your bloodstream.
Niacin also helps improve liver function, metabolize food, and helps your adrenal glands produce sex and stress hormones.
Niacin is also known for increasing blood circulation.
Blond et al. discovered in 20 men without diabetes but with dyslipidemia, 2g niacin supplementation over the course of eight weeks promoted a reduction in triglycerides (28%) and VLDL (68%) while increasing HDL cholesterol (17%).

Pump & Nutrient Absorption Complex

Citrulline Malate
If we were to rank essential pre workout ingredients, 6 grams of citrulline malate would be at the top of our list. Due to rapid arginine metabolism in the liver, citrulline is a better arginine and nitric oxide enhancer, and citrulline malate has been shown to increase training volume and blood flow.

May increase maximal training volume nearly 20%, and training volume is the strongest predictor of muscle hypertrophy.
Improves recovery time between sets, making workouts more efficient.
Scientific investigations on citrulline malate have observed that it improves ATP production during exercise over 30% while working synergistically with creatine to improve phosphocreatine resynthesis rates.

Arginine AKG
Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid with a big role in cardiovascular health, particularly as it pertains to blood pressure, as it widens blood vessels and improves flow.

AKG stands for alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolic intermediate that helps promote ATP production
Arginine is used to produce nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase, which then dilates blood vessels and improves oxygen and nutrient delivery to working muscles, driving growth and pumps.
May assist in stimulating muscle protein synthesis and prevent muscle breakdown
A 2010 study conducted by Bailey et al. discovered supplemental arginine for 3 days was able to enhance nitric oxide production and decrease oxygen consumption (7%) while improving time to exhaustion by 25% in otherwise healthy men.

HydroMax® Glycerol Monostearate
Glycerol is the backbone of triglycerides, but with a single stearic acid group, it forms glycerol monostearate – a molecule that induces osmotic gradients.

In the muscle, glycerol monostearate draws in fluid, improving endurance and stamina by resisting dehydration and heat stress.
For resistance training, this effect creates a muscle full effect, engorging the muscle with fluid for cellular swelling hypertrophy.

Taurine
Taurine has a myriad of benefits. From helping the body to metabolize fat, improving insulin sensitivity, raising testosterone levels, as an antioxidant, to higher performance and quicker recovery during athletic training and increasing cardiovascular health… it goes without saying that taurine is a great ingredient to include in any dietary protocol.

Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise induced DNA damage.
Baek and colleagues (2012) found taurine to increase rates of angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels), and this effect is enhanced even more in the presence of beta-alanine.

Agmatine Sulfate
Agmatine Sulfate helps improve nutrient partitioning which leads to an increase in muscle glycogen (carbs stored in muscle tissues) which then leads to more water retained WITHIN the muscle. This creates a fuller look to the muscles and a greater pump while hitting the iron.

Agmatine Sulfate also increases NO production by working as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, nitric oxide synthase.
There are studies to suggest that the nutrient partitioning effects of agmatine sulfate are possibly due to its ability to increase the insulin response to carbohydrates. This could be further explained by the increased blood flow to the muscle that occurs with increased NO production.
LH and GH levels have been shown to be increased through the effects of Agmatine Sulfate and its possible effects on the hypothalamus.
Agmatine has also been shown to manipulate pain receptors which may allow you to train past normal pain thresholds.

Ornithine HCl
Ornithine is a metabolite of arginine in an alternate pathway to nitric oxide. Providing ornithine reduces arginine’s conversion to ornithine, leaving more available for NO boosting.

A 2008 study conducted by Sugino et al. discovered supplementation with ornithine was able to reduce perceptions of fatigue to 52% of placebo on a prolonged endurance test and was able to reduce ammonia accrual during exercise.
Limiting ammonia production doesn’t just decrease perceptions of fatigue, but actually permits longer and more intense training bouts.
Works synergistically with arginine, citrulline, and other NO boosters for greater total vasodilatory effects.
Infusions of ornithine have increased growth hormone.

AstraGin®
A combination of Astragalus Membranaceus and Panax Notoginseng, AstraGin has been validated to enhance nutrient absorption.

Increases genetic expression of nutrient transporters along the intestinal wall
Enhances amino acid absorption by 41% and leucine absorption by 58%

Energy & Endurance Complex

Beta-Alanine
Beta-Alanine is a precursor to carnosine that is better for improving muscle carnosine concentrations than carnosine supplementation itself. Carnosine acts as an intracellular buffer, neutralizing acids and bases.

Improves high-intensity anaerobic performance, such as high-rep sets and repeated sprints (HIIT).
A study by Van Thienen et al. (2010) found beta-alanine supplementation to improve power output by 11.5%
Long term supplementation with beta alanine has been observed to increase lean mass gain while decreasing fat mass.

Trimethylglycine (Betaine Anhydrous)
Methylation is a key regulator in genetic expression. With tri methyl glycine (aka betaine) 3 methyl groups are provided, which has been observed to play a role in liver detoxification, neurotransmitter production, and, most importantly, enhanced physical work capacity and muscular power output.

Improves muscle strength and accelerates muscle recovery
May improve the mind-muscle connection
Studies show that betaine supplementation improves bench press power by 20%.

Caffeine Anhydrous
Caffeine is the world’s most popular supplement. It is capable of many things, including increasing metabolic rate and thermogenesis, boosting fat oxidation, enhancing pain tolerance, and improving athletic performance.

One study in trained athletes found improved power output (7%) and total work performed (8.5%) compared to placebo. More power and more work equals more gains.
Supplementation with 400mg caffeine (the amount in RIPTX) has been found to increase thermogenesis by 300 Calories per day – potentially eliminating an entire day’s worth of calories over a 1 week span.
Can improve endurance performance up to 40%.

Infinergy™ Dicaffeine Malate
Infinergy™ provides all of the same great benefits as caffeine anhydrous. However, it’s specialized form with malic acid affords it the benefit of having no crash or jitters.

Adrenaline, fat oxidation, performance, no crash!

Neuro Focus Complex

L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine helps to activate metabolic pathways that adrenaline – which are typically produced during acute stress and “fight or flight” scenarios.

Adrenaline is quickly depleted during stressful moments due to a lack of L-Tyrosine.
Supplements including L-tyrosine and caffeine can maintain reaction time and improve subjective feelings of focus and alertness following exhaustive exercise.
Structurally similar to thyroid hormones and may help in their formation.

N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine (Eria Jarensis)
From Eria Jarensis, N- Phenylethyldimethylamine is believed to produce effects comparable to 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) due to structural similarities. Due to its novelty, reports thus far are anecdotal.

Enhances mood and focus while providing feelings of euphoria
Boosts Fat Loss

Hordenine HCl
Found in plants like barley and citrus fruits, hordenine increases free adrenaline by acting as a noradrenaline reuptake inhinitor.

Can increase metabolism and blood flow.
Works synergistically with caffeine. Caffeine releases adrenaline, and hordenine keeps adrenaline actibe.
Improves contractility of the heart for better blood flow and nutrient delivery.

BCAAX™

Niacin
Niacin (vitamin B3) is required to form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD performs the same function as FAD and may also slow aging.

Improves blood flow and vascularization.
Prevents pellagra.
May delay onset of age-related diseases.
Blond et al. discovered in 20 men without diabetes but with dyslipidemia, 2g niacin supplementation over the course of eight weeks promoted a reduction in triglycerides (28%) and VLDL (68%) while increasing HDL cholesterol (17%).

Vitamin B6
Like the other B’s, B6 is heavily involved in energy metabolism. It is a cofactor in over 100 reactions, many of which within the muscle, where it helps with glycogen utilization.

Enhances muscle glycogen access and use.
Involved in heme synthesis.
Supports brain development and function.

Vitamin B12
Cobalamin (B12) may be the most popular of the B vitamins. Indeed, B12 does help with energy as well as oxygen transport and nervous system function.

In B12-deficient athletes and ill persons, supplementation with B12 enhances endurance.
Required for the formation of hemoglobin and prevents pernicious anemia.
Involved in the replication of DNA.

Anabolic Muscle Rebuilding Complex

Branched-Chain Amino Acids
The branched chain amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Their branched structure predisposes them to oxidation in the muscle, but leucine is the primary nutrient acting as an anabolic signal, activating mTOR and protein synthesis.

The amino acid leucine is the most potent nutritional signal for increase muscle protein synthesis (Norton, 2012).
Research comparing different dietary leucine contents have observed that leucine is directly related to lean muscle mass and indirectly related to fat mass, meaning more leucine translates to more muscle and less fat over time.

HICA
HICA (α-hydroxyisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of leucine. Similar to other leucine metabolites (e.g., KIC & HMB), HICA aids in the resistance of muscle damage and breakdown.

Just 4 weeks of HICA supplementation has been found to increase lean body mass and reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) by tipping the scales in favor of anabolism (Mero et al., 2010).
May influence HMG-CoA reductase to maintain cell membrane integrity

Glutamine
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body. It contributes to several muscular anabolic processes, gut function, and immunity.

Can independently stimulate muscle protein synthesis
Used for replenishing muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise, especially when low-carb
Lehmkuhi et al. (2003) observed that glutamine and creatine supplementation for 8 weeks increased lean body mass and power output.

Purge EAA Complex

Essential Amino Acids
There are 9 essential amino acids (EAA), which includes the 3 BCAAs. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body, and therefore, must be obtained in the diet. The BCAAs are primarily responsible for signaling an increase in protein synthesis, yet all EAA are required to form muscle tissues.

A recent study by Wilkinson et al. (2017) found 1.5g of EAA (with just 0.6g leucine) to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis – an amount no different from 40g whey protein. BCAAX™ contains over 7g EAA.
Just 6g of EAA after exercise have also been shown to increase muscle anabolism post-exercise, promoting recovery and growth.
EAA supplementation during a caloric deficit helps preserve muscle mass while promoting greater rates of fat loss.

AstraGin®
A combination of Astragalus Membranaceus and Panax Notoginseng, AstraGin® has been validated to enhance nutrient absorption.

Increases genetic expression of nutrient transporters along the intestinal wall
Enhances amino acid absorption by 41% and leucine absorption by 58%

Cellular Hydration & Recovery Complex

Taurine
Taurine has a myriad of benefits. From helping the body to metabolize fat, improving insulin sensitivity, raising testosterone levels, as an antioxidant, to higher performance and quicker recovery during athletic training and increasing cardiovascular health… it goes without saying that taurine is a great ingredient to include in any dietary protocol.

Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise induced DNA damage.
Baek and colleagues (2012) found taurine to increase rates of angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels), and this effect is enhanced even more in the presence of beta-alanine.
May reduce rates of cramping, especially if cramps are being caused by stimulants.

Coconut Water & Electrolytes
Coconut water and electrolytes help accelerate recovery of essential bodily fluids to maintain proper cellular functioning and athletic performance.

A study comparing carbs + electrolyte vs. aminos + electrolyte found greater cellular rehydration with the amino + electrolyte blend, which also contained more potassium and magnesium (Tai, et al., 2014).
Coconut water has been suggested to be a superior rehydration beverage than both carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks and plain water by equally restoring body fluids and being easier to drink (Saat et al., 2002).

RIPTX™

Chromium
Chromium is an essential mineral with a role in insulin regulation and glucose management. It affects chromodulin, which improves its ability to enhance insulin receptor activity.

Improves efficiency of insulin to reduce both blood levels of insulin and glucose.
The enhanced glucose management likely is responsible for observed weight loss effects of chromium.
Reduces carbohydrate cravings and binge eating.

Iodine
Iodine is a mineral mostly found in seaweed and other saltwater plants. Due to great benefits to thyroid health, iodine is added to salt, though current dietary trends may still produce insufficient intake.

Iodine is a principal component of thyroid hormones, such as triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate body weight.
May enhance IGF-1, as iodine deficiency reduces growth factor concentrations.
High levels of T3 are often associated with fat loss.

RIPTX™ Metabolic Matrix

L-Carnitine (as Acetyl L-Carnitine and L-Carnitine Tartrate)
L-Carnitine is a dipeptide of lysine and methionine. It plays a critical role in energy regulation between cells and mitochondria.

Helps fatty acids cross the mitochondrial matrix membrane so they may be utilized for ATP production.
Decreases fatigue and improves athletic performance.
Acetyl L-Carnitine is unique in its ability to cross the blood brain barrier, improving cognition and focus.

ForsLean® Forskolin
Forskolin from Coleus Forskohlii is capable of activating the molecular targets, adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP), which result in favorable effects of forskolin supplementation.

Supplementation has been proven to reduce fat mass.
May increases anabolism and muscle hypertrophy by increasing free testosterone.
Activates lipolysis.

Pterostilbene
An antioxidant that has evidence for reducing blood sugar and improving insulin efficacy. Protects the brain and other tissues from free radicals.

A study examining the health effects of pterostilbene found reduced blood pressure and body weight after 6-8 weeks.
Improves cognition and focus.
Reduces anxiety, easing stress associated with dieting.

BioPerine® Piperine
BioPerine® is a black pepper fruit extract containing at least 95% piperine – its active ingredient. Piperine is used to improve intestinal absorption.

Increases nutrient absorption by as much as 2000%.
Slows gastric emptying and may improve satiety

Mood Support & Appetite Control

L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine helps to activate metabolic pathways that adrenaline – which are typically produced during acute stress and “fight or flight” scenarios.

Adrenaline is quickly depleted during stressful moments due to a lack of L-Tyrosine.
Supplements including L-tyrosine and caffeine can maintain reaction time and improve subjective feelings of focus and alertness following exhaustive exercise.
Structurally similar to thyroid hormones and may help in their formation.

N-Phenylethyldimethylamine HCl
From Eria Jarensis, N- Phenylethyldimethylamine is believed to produce effects comparable to 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) due to structural similarities. Due to its novelty, reports thus far are anecdotal.

Enhances mood and focus while providing feelings of euphoria
Boosts Fat Loss

TeaCrine® Theacrine
Theacrine is an alkaloid found in coffee in small quantities. Structurally similar to caffeine, it provides similar benefits but without the adrenaline rush and with greater euphoria.

Has demonstrated efficacy for improving pain tolerance, enhancing ability to cope with physical stress, such as exercise.
Improves attention and focus.
reduces fatigue, and works synergistically with caffeine to improve cognition.

Huperzia Serrata Extract
Huperzia Serrata contains Huperzine A and other analogues of Huperzine, which function as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This increases the amount of acetylcholine in the body for better mind and muscle function.

Improves cognition and memory.
May have neuroprotective effects.
Increasing acetylcholine in the muscle could strengthen muscle contractions.

RIPTX™ Energy & TAG Release Matrix

Caffeine Anhydrous
Caffeine is the world’s most popular supplement. It is capable of many things, including increasing metabolic rate and thermogenesis, boosting fat oxidation, enhancing pain tolerance, and improving athletic performance.

One study in trained athletes found improved power output (7%) and total work performed (8.5%) compared to placebo. More power and more work equals more gains.
Supplementation with 400mg caffeine (the amount in RIPTX) has been found to increase thermogenesis by 300 Calories per day – potentially eliminating an entire day’s worth of calories over a 1 week span.
Can improve endurance performance up to 40%.

L-Theanine
A main ingredient in tea and coffee, L-Theanine has structural similarities to neurotransmitters and is often used to compliment caffeine.

While caffeine is an absolute upper, L-Theanine helps promote relaxation without also promoting drowsiness. In other words, L-Theanine takes the edge off caffeine.
This results in improved cognition and attention that is additive to either ingredient alone.
May delay effects of aging

Green Coffee Bean Extract
Green Coffee Bean Extract has a number of active ingredients, the primary one being chlorogenic acid. This phytonutrient has been found to have long-term anti-diabetic effects.

One moderately unique quality of chlorogenic acid is its ability to reduce carbohydrate absorption. This decreases glucose, insulin, and caloric intake to promote weight loss.
May enhance cognition and focus independent of caffeine.
Has been shown to improve weight loss – chlorogenic acid produced 5.4 kg weight lost compared to just 1.7 kg with placebo over 12 weeks.

Infinergy™ Dicaffeine Malate
Infinergy™ provides all of the same great benefits as caffeine anhydrous. However, it’s specialized form with malic acid affords it the benefit of having no crash or jitters.

Adrenaline, fat oxidation, performance, no crash!

Rauwolscine
Rauwolscine is a yohimbine analogue, alpha yohimbine. Like yohimbine it is an adrenergic antagonist capable of improving fat loss, efficacy of other ingredients, and acting as an aphrodisiac.

Works well with caffeine to potentiate caffeine sensitivity.
As an α-2 antagonist, rauwolscine works to block the body’s ability to stop fat loss

RIPTX™ Thermogenic Matrix

Higenamine
Higenamine is found in fruits and other plants and possesses β-2 adrenergic agonist potential – the same mechanism for fat loss as ephedrine

Acts as a bronchiol dilator and adrenergic agonist at receptors known to increase fat loss.
A single dose of higenamine with caffeine and other supplements found in RIPTX increases lipolysis and metabolic rate.
May improve glucose uptake into muscle cells.

Paradoxine® Grains of Paradise
Otherwise known as Aframomum melegueta, Grains of Paradise contains 6-paradol, which activates heat receptors – similar to hot peppers – and stimulates brown adipose tissue.

Increases energy expenditure by ~400 kilojoules per day.
Activates “fat-burning fat” brown adipose tissue.
The only study examining the effects of Aframomum melegueta has found 300% increase in testosterone in rats after 8 days and may inhibit estrogen.

GBB (Gamma-butyrobetaine ethyl ester chloride)
GBB is a natural precursor to L-Carnitine. L-Carnitine is required to transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane so they may be burned off. L-Carnitine is also a capable performance enhancer and recovery aid.

May increase carnitine levels more effectively than carnitine supplementation due to better absorption.
Known muscle soreness and damage reducing effects.
Increasing muscle carnitine is associated with a loss of fat mass.

Octopalean™ Octopamine
Octopamine is a metabolite of synephrine and a stimulant with fat-burning effects.

Inhibits fat cells’ ability to absorb glucose.
Increases lipolysis

FAQ

Q: What is the Best Way to Use the Ultimate Stack?

A: As dietary supplements, PREV2™ is best used by mixing 1 scoop in 8-16 oz of water and consuming 20-30 minutes before training; BCAAX™ is best used as an intra-workout with 1 scoop mixed in 8-12 oz of water and consumed throughout training and/or between meals as needed; and 1 scoop of RIPTX™ should mixed in 10-12 oz of water and consumed in the morning. If using RIPTX™ on a training day, and therefore using PREV2™ as well, take RIPTX™ 6-8 hours before or after taking PREV2™, but do not consume 6 hours or less before bedtime. If training twice per day, take RIPTX™ before cardio and PREV2™ before weight training. Be sure to assess your caffeine tolerance prior to using both on the same day.

Q: What is the Total Caffeine Content of PREV2™ and RIPTX™?

A: Both products use 2 forms of caffeine – caffeine anhydrous and Infinergy® (Dicaffeine Malate). Infinergy® is about ¾ caffeine, so PREV2™ contains 362 mg and RIPTX™ contains 369 mg of caffeine in total.

Q: How Much Caffeine is Acceptable to Consume in One Day?

A: The International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends 3-6 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass to provide ergogenic effects. The half-life of caffeine varies between different people with different genetics, but it is approximately 4-7 hours. Most who enjoy caffeine are fast metabolizers. Per the FDA, toxic effects of caffeine arise with a single dose of 1.2 grams, and a life threatening dose is 10 – 14 grams.

References

Citrulline Malate

Bendahan, D., Mattei, J. P., Ghattas, B., Confort-Gouny, S., Le Guern, M. E., & Cozzone, P. J. (2002). Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle. British journal of sports medicine,36(4), 282-289.
Hickner, R. C., Tanner, C. J., Evans, C. A., Clark, P. D., Haddock, A., Fortune, C., … & Mccammon, M. (2006). L-citrulline reduces time to exhaustion and insulin response to a graded exercise test. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(4), 660-666.
Pérez-Guisado, J., & Jakeman, P. M. (2010). Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1215-1222.
Sureda, A., Córdova, A., Ferrer, M. D., Pérez, G., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2010). L-citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 110(2), 341-351.

Arginine AKG

Tan, B., Yin, Y., Liu, Z., Li, X., Xu, H., Kong, X., … & Wu, G. (2009). Dietary L-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs. Amino acids, 37(1), 169-175.
Huk, I., Nanobashvili, J., Neumayer, C., Punz, A., Mueller, M., Afkhampour, K., … & Patton, S. (1997). L-arginine treatment alters the kinetics of nitric oxide and superoxide release and reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. Circulation, 96(2), 667-675.
Yao, K., Yin, Y. L., Chu, W., Liu, Z., Deng, D., Li, T., … & Wu, G. (2008). Dietary arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. The Journal of nutrition, 138(5), 867-872.
Jobgen, W., Meininger, C. J., Jobgen, S. C., Li, P., Lee, M. J., Smith, S. B., … & Wu, G. (2008). Dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces white fat gain and enhances skeletal muscle and brown fat masses in diet-induced obese rats. The Journal of nutrition, jn-108.
Tseh, W., Cioci, B. W., & Morgan, D. W. (2008). The Effects of Arginine Alpha-ketoglutarate Supplementation on Endurance-trained Females. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(5), S401.
Rector, T. S., Bank, A. J., Mullen, K. A., Tschumperlin, L. K., Sih, R., Pillai, K., & Kubo, S. H. (1996). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of supplemental oral L-arginine in patients with heart failure. Circulation, 93(12), 2135-2141.
Morikawa, E., Moskowitz, M. A., Huang, Z., Yoshida, T., Irikura, K., & Dalkara, T. (1994). L-arginine infusion promotes nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation, increases regional cerebral blood flow, and reduces infarction volume in the rat. Stroke, 25(2), 429-435.
Gardiner, S. M., Compton, A. M., Bennett, T., Palmer, R. M., & Moncada, S. (1990). Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Hypertension, 15(5), 486-492.

HydroMax® Glycerol Monostearate

Bartos, J. (2013). A uniquely optimized, highly concentrated powdered form of glycerol delivering next-level hydration and next-gen product potential http://astromicnutrition.com/HydroMax_WhitePaper.pdf
Riedesel, M. L., Allen, D. Y., Peake, G. T., & Al-Qattan, K. (1987). Hyperhydration with glycerol solutions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(6), 2262-2268.
Lyons, T. P., Riedesel, M. L., Meuli, L. E., & Chick, T. W. (1990). Effects of glycerol-induced hyperhydration prior to exercise in the heat on sweating and core temperature. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(4), 477-483.
Goulet, E. D., Robergs, R. A., Labrecque, S., Royer, D., & Dionne, I. J. (2006). Effect of glycerol-induced hyperhydration on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular functions and endurance performance during prolonged cycling in a 25 C environment. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 31(2), 101-109.
Montner, P., Stark, D. M., Riedesel, M. L., Murata, G., Robergs, R., Timms, M., & Chick, T. W. (1996). Pre-exercise glycerol hydration improves cycling endurance time. International journal of sports medicine, 17(1), 27-33.

Agmatine Sulfate

Ahn, S. K., S. Hong, et al. (2011). “Effects of agmatine on hypoxic microglia and activity of nitric oxide synthase.” Brain Res 1373: 48-54.
Arndt, M. A., V. Battaglia, et al. (2009). “The arginine metabolite agmatine protects mitochondrial function and confers resistance to cellular apoptosis.” Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296(6): C1411-1419.
Berkels, R., D. Taubert, et al. (2004). “Agmatine signaling: odds and threads.” Cardiovasc Drug Rev 22(1): 7-16.
Gao, Y., B. Gumusel, et al. (1995). “Agmatine: a novel endogenous vasodilator substance.” Life Sci 57(8): PL83-86.
Haenisch, B., I. von Kugelgen, et al. (2008). “Regulatory mechanisms underlying agmatine homeostasis in humans.” Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295(5): G1104-1110.
Halaris, A. and J. Plietz (2007). “Agmatine: metabolic pathway and spectrum of activity in brain.” CNS Drugs 21(11): 885-900.
Thams, P., & Capito, K. (1999). L-arginine stimulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion through membrane depolarization and independent of nitric oxide. European Journal of Endocrinology, 140(1), 87-93.
Keynan, O., Mirovsky, Y., Dekel, S., Gilad, V. H., & Gilad, G. M. (2010). Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc‐associated Radiculopathy. An Open‐label, Dose‐escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Trial. Pain Medicine, 11(3), 356-368.

Ornithine HCl

Sugino, T., Shirai, T., Kajimoto, Y., & Kajimoto, O. (2008). L-ornithine supplementation attenuates physical fatigue in healthy volunteers by modulating lipid and amino acid metabolism. Nutrition research, 28(11), 738-743.
Evain‐Brion, D., Donnadieu, M., Roger, M., & Job, J. C. (1982). Simultaneous study of somatotrophic and corticotrophic pituitary secretions during ornithine infusion test. Clinical endocrinology, 17(2), 119-122.
MacLean, D. A., Spriet, L. L., Hultman, E., & Graham, T. E. (1991). Plasma and muscle amino acid and ammonia responses during prolonged exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 70(5), 2095-2103.
Sahlin, K., Katz, A., & Broberg, S. (1990). Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in human muscle during prolonged exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 259(5), C834-C841.

Beta-Alanine

Van, R. Thienen, K. Proeyen Van, B. Eynde Vanden, Joke Puype, Thomas Lefere, and Peter Hespel. "Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling." Medicine and science in sports and exercise41, no. 4 (2009): 898-903.
Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Smith, A., Stout, J., & Lancha Jr, A. H. (2010). Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(6), 1162-1173.
Smith, A. E., Walter, A. A., Graef, J. L., Kendall, K. L., Moon, J. R., Lockwood, C. M., ... & Stout, J. R. (2009). Effects of β-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 5.
Walter, A. A., Smith, A. E., Kendall, K. L., Stout, J. R., & Cramer, J. T. (2010). Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without β-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1199-1207.
Kern, B. D., & Robinson, T. L. (2011). Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1804-1815.
Sweeney, K. M., Wright, G. A., Brice, A. G., & Doberstein, S. T. (2010). The effect of β-alanine supplementation on power performance during repeated sprint activity. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(1), 79-87.
Sale, C., Saunders, B., Hudson, S., Wise, J. A., Harris, R. C., & Sunderland, C. D. (2011). Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(10), 1972-1978.
Chung, W., Shaw, G., Anderson, M. E., Pyne, D. B., Saunders, P. U., Bishop, D. J., & Burke, L. M. (2012). Effect of 10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers. Nutrients, 4(10), 1441-1453.

Trimethylglycine (Betaine Anhydrous)

Apicella, J. M., Lee, E. C., Bailey, B. L., Saenz, C., Anderson, J. M., Craig, S. A., … & Maresh, C. M. (2013). Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 113(3), 793-802.
Trepanowski, J. F., Farney, T. M., Mccarthy, C. G., Schilling, B. K., Craig, S. A., & Bloomer, R. J. (2011). The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(12), 3461-3471.
Lee, E. C., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., Yamamoto, L. M., Hatfield, D. L., Bailey, B. L., … & Craig, S. A. (2010). Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr,7(1), 27.
Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Gonzalez, A. M., Beller, N. A., & Craig, S. A. (2011). Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(8), 2235-2241.
Cholewa, J. M., Wyszczelska-Rokiel, M., Glowacki, R., Jakubowski, H., Matthews, T., Wood, R., … & Paolone, V. (2013). Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone. J Int Soc. Sports Nutr, 10(1), 39.

Caffeine Anhydrous

Bellar, D., Kamimori, G. H., & Glickman, E. L. (2011). The effects of low-dose caffeine on perceived pain during a grip to exhaustion task. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1225-1228.
Bell, D. G., & McLellan, T. M. (2002). Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(4), 1227-1234.
Schneiker, K. T., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Hackett, L. P. (2006). Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(3), 578-585.
Del Coso, J., Salinero, J. J., González-Millán, C., Abián-Vicén, J., & Pérez-González, B. (2012). Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance: a repeated measures design. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 21.
Anderson, D. E., & Hickey, M. S. (1994). Effects of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5 and 28 degrees C. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 26(4), 453-458.
Norager, C. B., Jensen, M. B., Weimann, A., & Madsen, M. R. (2006). Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75‐year old citizens. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study. Clinical endocrinology, 65(2), 223-228.
Astrup, A., Toubro, S., Cannon, S., Hein, P., Breum, L., & Madsen, J. (1990). Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 51(5), 759-767.

Infingergy® (Dicaffeine Malate)

Sommerfeld, A., & Witherly, S. (2014). S. Patent No. 8,642,095. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

L-Tyrosine

Benedict, C. R., Anderson, G. H., & Sole, M. J. (1983). The influence of oral tyrosine and tryptophan feeding on plasma catecholamines in man. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 38(3), 429-435.
Neri, D. F., Wiegmann, D., Stanny, R. R., Shappell, S. A., McCardie, A., & McKay, D. L. (1995). The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.
Acworth, I. N., During, M. J., & Wurtman, R. J. (1988). Tyrosine: effects on catecholamine release. Brain research bulletin, 21(3), 473-477.
Alonso, R., Gibson, C. J., Wurtman, R. J., Agharanya, J. C., & Prieto, L. (1982). Elevation of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites following tyrosine administration in humans. Biological psychiatry, 17(7), 781-790.
Hoffman, J. R., Kang, J., Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, M. W., Tranchina, C. P., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 2.

N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine (Eria Jarensis)

Zovico, P. V. C., Curty, V. M., Leal, M. A. S., Meira, E. F., Dias, D. V., de Melo Rodrigues, L. C., ... & Barauna, V. G. (2016). Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats. Nutrition & metabolism, 13(1), 90.
Bloomer, R. J., Mccarthy, C. G., Farney, T. M., & Harvey, I. C. (2011). Effect of caffeine and 1, 3-dimethylamylamine on exercise performance and blood markers of lipolysis and oxidative stress in trained men and women. Journal of Caffeine Research, 1(3), 169-177.

Hordenine HCl

Barwell, C. J., Basma, A. N., Lafi, M. A. K., & Leake, L. D. (1989). Deamination of hordenine by monoamine oxidase and its action on vasa deferentia of the rat. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 41(6), 421-423.
Hapke, HJ, Strathmann, W. (1995). Pharmacological effects of Hordenine. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1995 Jun;102(6):228-32.
Frank, M., Weckman, T. J., Wood, T., Woods, W. E., TAI, C. L., CHANG, S. L., … & Tobin, T. (1990). Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse. Equine veterinary journal, 22(6), 437-441.

Niacin

Elam, M. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Davis, K. B., Garg, R., Johnson, C., Egan, D., … & Brinton, E. (2000). Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. Jama,284(10), 1263-1270.
Goldberg, A., Alagona, P., Capuzzi, D. M., Guyton, J., Morgan, J. M., Rodgers, J., … & Samuel, P. (2000). Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. The American journal of cardiology, 85(9), 1100-1105.
Guyton, J. R. (2007). Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. Current opinion in lipidology, 18(4), 415-420.
Blond, E., Rieusset, J., Alligier, M., Lambert-Porcheron, S., Bendridi, N., Gabert, L., ... & Roth, H. (2014). Nicotinic acid effects on insulin sensitivity and hepatic lipid metabolism: an in vivo to in vitro study. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 46(06), 390-396.

Vitamin B6

Denner, L. A., & Wu, J. Y. (1985). Two forms of rat brain glutamic acid decarboxylase differ in their dependence on free pyridoxal phosphate. Journal of neurochemistry, 44(3), 957-965.
Zhuo, J. M., & Praticò, D. (2010). Acceleration of brain amyloidosis in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model by a folate, vitamin B6 and B12-deficient diet. Experimental gerontology, 45(3), 195-201.
RICHERT, D. A., & SCHULMAN, M. P. (1959). Vitamin interrelationships in heme synthesis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 7(4), 416-425.
Hedrick, J. L., & Fischer, E. H. (1965). On the Role of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate in Phosphorylase. I. Absence of Classical Vitamin B6—dependent Enzymatic Activities in Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase. Biochemistry, 4(7), 1337-1343.
OKADA, M., ISHIKAWA, K., & WATANABE, K. (1991). Effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on glycogen metabolism in the skeletal muscle, heart, and liver of rats. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 37(4), 349-357.

Vitamin B12

Woolf, K., & Manore, M. M. (2006). B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 16(5), 453-484.
Paulin, F. V., Zagatto, A. M., Chiappa, G. R., & de Tarso Müller, P. (2017). Addition of vitamin B12 to exercise training improves cycle ergometer endurance in advanced COPD patients: A randomized and controlled study. Respiratory medicine, 122, 23-29.
Lukaski, H. C. (2004). Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 632-644.
Lövblad, K. O., Ramelli, G., Remonda, L., Nirkko, A. C., Ozdoba, C., & Schroth, G. (1997). Retardation of myelination due to dietary vitamin B 12 deficiency: cranial MRI findings. Pediatric radiology, 27(2), 155-158.
Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Keith, G., & Dirheimer, G. (1991). Effect of cobalamin derivatives on in vitro enzymic DNA methylation: methylcobalamin can act as a methyl donor. Biochemistry, 30(32), 8045-8051.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Shimomura, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Bajotto, G., Sato, J., Murakami, T., Shimomura, N., ... & Mawatari, K. (2006). Nutraceutical effects of branched-chain amino acids on skeletal muscle. The Journal of nutrition, 136(2), 529S-532S.
Norton, L. E., Wilson, G. J., Layman, D. K., Moulton, C. J., & Garlick, P. J. (2012). Leucine content of dietary proteins is a determinant of postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in adult rats. Nutrition & metabolism, 9(1), 67.
Wilkinson, D. J., Bukhari, S. S., Phillips, B. E., Limb, M. C., Cegielski, J., Brook, M. S., ... & Lund, J. (2017). Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid and whey protein bolus dosing upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis at rest and after exercise in older women. Clinical Nutrition.
Norton, L. E., & Layman, D. K. (2006). Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. The Journal of nutrition, 136(2), 533S-537S.
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006). A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 291(2), E381-E387.
Norton, L. E., Wilson, G. J., Rupassara, I., Garlick, P. J., & Layman, D. K. (2009). Leucine contents of isonitrogenous protein sources predict post prandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in rats fed a complete meal.

HICA

Tischler, M. E., Desautels, M., & Goldberg, A. L. (1982). Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257(4), 1613-1621.
Mero, A. A., Ojala, T., Hulmi, J. J., Puurtinen, R., Karila, T. A., & Seppälä, T. (2010). Effects of alfa-hydroxy-isocaproic acid on body composition, DOMS and performance in athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 1.
Walser, M., Lund, P., Ruderman, N. B., & Coulter, A. W. (1973). Synthesis of essential amino acids from their α-keto analogues by perfused rat liver and muscle. The Journal of clinical investigation, 52(11), 2865-2877.
Nissen, S. L., & Abumrad, N. N. (1997). Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB). The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 8(6), 300-311.

Glutamine

Welbourne, T. C. (1995). “Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load”. The American journal of clinical nutrition 61 (5): 1058–1061.
Morlion, B. J.; Stehle, P.; Wachtler, P.; Siedhoff, H. P.; Köller, M.; König, W.; Fürst, P.; Puchstein, C. (1998). “Total Parenteral Nutrition with Glutamine Dipeptide After Major Abdominal Surgery”. Annals of Surgery 227 (2): 302–308.
Lee, W. J.; Hawkins, R. A.; Viña, J. R.; Peterson, D. R. (1998). “Glutamine transport by the blood-brain barrier: A possible mechanism for nitrogen removal”. The American journal of physiology 274
Todorova, V. K., Kaufmann, Y., Luo, S., & Klimberg, V. S. (2011). Tamoxifen and raloxifene suppress the proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative cells through inhibition of glutamine uptake. [Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S.]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 67(2), 285-291.
Bowtell, J. L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M. L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M., & Rennie, M. J. (1999). Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology,86(6), 1770-1777.

Essential Amino Acids

Rasmussen, B. B., Tipton, K. D., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2000). An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. Journal of applied physiology, 88(2), 386-392.
Volpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B., & Wolfe, R. R. (2003). Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 78(2), 250-258.
Tipton, K. D., Ferrando, A. A., Phillips, S. M., Doyle Jr, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1999). Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 276(4), E628-E634.
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Zhang, X. J., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Aarsland, A., ... & Wolfe, R. R. (2004). Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 286(3), E321-E328.
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Urban, R. J., Sanford, A. P., Aarsland, A., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2004). Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(9), 4351-4358.
Coker, R. H., Miller, S., Schutzler, S., Deutz, N., & Wolfe, R. R. (2012). Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Nutrition journal, 11(1), 105.

AstraGin

AstraGin Product Dossier, Sections 6.4 – 6.17
Lu L., et al. Astragalus polysaccharides decrease muscle wasting through Akt/mTOR, ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy signaling in 5/6 nephrectomised rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;186:125-135

Taurine

Zhang, M., Izumi, I., Kagamimori, S., Sokejima, S., Yamagami, T., Liu, Z., & Qi, B. (2004). Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. Amino acids, 26(2), 203-207.
Bouchama, A., Yusuf, A., Al-Sedairy, S., & El-Yazigi, A. (1993). Alteration of taurine homeostasis in acute heatstroke. Critical care medicine, 21(4), 551-554.
Gwacham, N., & Wagner, D. R. (2012). Acute effects of a caffeine-taurine energy drink on repeated sprint performance of American college football players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22(2), 109-116.
Baek, Y. Y., Cho, D. H., Choe, J., Lee, H., Jeoung, D., Ha, K. S., ... & Kim, Y. M. (2012). Extracellular taurine induces angiogenesis by activating ERK-, Akt-, and FAK-dependent signal pathways. European journal of pharmacology, 674(2-3), 188-199.
Warskulat, U., Brookmann, S., Felsner, I., Brenden, H., Grether‐Beck, S., & Häussinger, D. (2008). Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts. Experimental dermatology, 17(12), 1031-1036.
Yatabe, Y., Miyakawa, S., Miyazaki, T., Matsuzaki, Y., & Ochiai, N. (2003). Effects of taurine administration in rat skeletal muscles on exercise. Journal of orthopaedic science, 8(3), 415-419.

Coconut Water & Electrolytes

Tai, C. Y., Joy, J. M., Falcone, P. H., Carson, L. R., Mosman, M. M., Straight, J. L., ... & Moon, J. R. (2014). An amino acid-electrolyte beverage may increase cellular rehydration relative to carbohydrate-electrolyte and flavored water beverages. Nutrition journal, 13(1), 47.
Saat, M., Singh, R., Sirisinghe, R. G., & Nawawi, M. (2002). Rehydration after exercise with fresh young coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water. Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science, 21(2), 93-104.
Kalman, D. S., Feldman, S., Krieger, D. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2012). Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1.
Maughan, R. J., Owen, J. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B. (1994). Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 69(3), 209-215.
Stand, A. P. (2009). Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(2), 377-390.

Chromium

Król, E., Krejpcio, Z., Byks, H., Bogdański, P., & Pupek-Musialik, D. (2011). Effects of chromium brewer’s yeast supplementation on body mass, blood carbohydrates, and lipids and minerals in type 2 diabetic patients. Biological trace element research, 143(2), 726-737.
Racek, J., Trefil, L., Rajdl, D., Mudrova, V., Hunter, D., & Senft, V. (2006). Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biological trace element research, 109(3), 215-230.
Aghdassi, E., Arendt, B. M., Salit, I. E., Mohammed, S. S., Jalali, P., Bondar, H., & Allard, J. P. (2010). In patients with HIV-infection, chromium supplementation improves insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Current HIV Research, 8(2), 113-120.
Kim, C. W., Kim, B. T., Park, K. H., Kim, K. M., Lee, D. J., Yang, S. W., & Joo, N. S. (2011). Effects of short-term chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and body composition in overweight children: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 22(11), 1030-1034.
Docherty, J. P., Sack, D. A., Roffman, M., Finch, M., & Komorowski, J. R. (2005). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate craving. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 11(5), 302-314.

Iodine

Paul, T., Meyers, B., Witorsch, R. J., Pino, S., Chipkin, S., Ingbar, S. H., & Braverman, L. E. (1988). The effect of small increases in dietary iodine on thyroid function in euthyroid subjects. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental, 37(2), 121-124.
Gardner, D. F., Centor, R. M., & Utiger, R. D. (1988). Effects of low dose oral iodide supplementation on thyroid function in normal men. Clinical endocrinology, 28(3), 283-288.
Teas, J., Braverman, L. E., Kurzer, M. S., Pino, S., Hurley, T. G., & Hebert, J. R. (2007). Seaweed and soy: companion foods in Asian cuisine and their effects on thyroid function in American women. Journal of medicinal food, 10(1), 90-100.
Alikaşifoğlu, A., Ozön, A., & Yordam, N. (2002). Serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 levels in severe iodine deficiency. The Turkish journal of pediatrics, 44(3), 215-218.

L-Carnitine (as Acetyl L-Carnitine and L-Carnitine Tartrate)

Wall, B. T., Stephens, F. B., Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., Marimuthu, K., Macdonald, I. A., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2011). Chronic oral ingestion of l‐carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. The Journal of physiology, 589(4), 963-973.
Jacobs, P. L., Goldstein, E. R., Blackburn, W., Orem, I., & Hughes, J. J. (2009). Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 9.
Volek, J. S., Judelson, D. A., Silvestre, R., Yamamoto, L. M., Spiering, B. A., Hatfield, D. L., ... & Kraemer, W. J. (2008). Effects of carnitine supplementation on flow-mediated dilation and vascular inflammatory responses to a high-fat meal in healthy young adults. The American journal of cardiology, 102(10), 1413-1417.
Cao, Y., Qu, H. J., Li, P., Wang, C. B., Wang, L. X., & Han, Z. W. (2011). Single dose administration of L-carnitine improves antioxidant activities in healthy subjects. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 224(3), 209-213.
Cuturic, M., Abramson, R. K., Moran, R. R., & Hardin, J. W. (2010). Clinical outcomes and low-dose levocarnitine supplementation in psychiatric inpatients with documented hypocarnitinemia: a retrospective chart review. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 16(1), 5-14.

ForsLean® Forskolin

Godard, M. P., Johnson, B. A., & Richmond, S. R. (2005). Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obesity research, 13(8), 1335-1343.
Henderson, S., Magu, B., Rasmussen, C., Lancaster, S., Kerksick, C., Smith, P., ... & Almada, A. (2005). Effects of coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and hematological profiles in mildly overweight women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2(2), 54.
Alasbahi, R. H., & Melzig, M. F. (2012). Forskolin and derivatives as tools for studying the role of cAMP. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 67(1), 5-13.
Burns, T. W., Langley, P. E., Terry, B. E., Bylund, D. B., & Forte Jr, L. R. (1987). Comparative effects of forskolin and isoproterenol on the cyclic AMP content of human adipocytes. Life sciences, 40(2), 145-154.
Litosch, I., Hudson, T. H., Mills, I., Li, S. Y., & Fain, J. N. (1982). Forskolin as an activator of cyclic AMP accumulation and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Molecular pharmacology, 22(1), 109-115.

Pterostilbene

Riche, D. M., Riche, K. D., Blackshear, C. T., McEwen, C. L., Sherman, J. J., Wofford, M. R., & Griswold, M. E. (2014). Pterostilbene on metabolic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.
Al Rahim, M., Rimando, A. M., Silistreli, K., & El-Alfy, A. T. (2013). Anxiolytic action of pterostilbene: involvement of hippocampal ERK phosphorylation. Planta medica, 79(09), 723-730.
Joseph, J. A., Fisher, D. R., Cheng, V., Rimando, A. M., & Shukitt-Hale, B. (2008). Cellular and behavioral effects of stilbene resveratrol analogues: implications for reducing the deleterious effects of aging. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56(22), 10544-10551.

BioPerine® Piperine

Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph₁, T., Rajendran, M. M. R., & Srinivas, P. S. S. R. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta medica, 64, 353-356.
Bajad, S., Bedi, K. L., Singla, A. K., & Johri, R. K. (2001). Piperine inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats and mice. Planta medica, 67(02), 176-179.
Ononiwu, I. M., Ibeneme, C. E., & Ebong, O. O. (2002). Effects of piperine on gastric acid secretion in albino rats. African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 31(4), 293-295.

TeaCrine® Theacrine

Ziegenfuss, T. N., Habowski, S. M., Sandrock, J. E., Kedia, A. W., Kerksick, C. M., & Lopez, H. L. (2017). A two-part approach to examine the effects of theacrine (TeaCrine®) supplementation on oxygen consumption, hemodynamic responses, and subjective measures of cognitive and psychometric parameters. Journal of dietary supplements, 14(1), 9-24.
Kalman, D. J., Joyner, K. J., & Bloomer, R. J. (2015). Cognitive performance and mood following ingestion of a theacrine-containing dietary supplement, caffeine, or placebo by young men and women. Nutrients, 7(11), 9618-9632.
Wang, Y., Yang, X., Zheng, X., Li, J., Ye, C., & Song, X. (2010). Theacrine, a purine alkaloid with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Fitoterapia, 81(6), 627-631.

Huperzia Serrata Extract

Brock, R. W., Tschakovsky, M. E., Shoemaker, J. K., Halliwill, J. R., Joyner, M. J., & Hughson, R. L. (1998). Effects of acetylcholine and nitric oxide on forearm blood flow at rest and after a single muscle contraction. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(6), 2249-2254.
Witzemann, V., Schwarz, H., Koenen, M., Berberich, C., Villarroel, A., Wernig, A., ... & Sakmann, B. (1996). Acetylcholine receptor ɛ-subunit deletion causes muscle weakness and atrophy in juvenile and adult mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(23), 13286-13291.
Zhao, Q., & Tang, X. C. (2002). Effects of huperzine A on acetylcholinesterase isoforms in vitro: comparison with tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and physostigmine. European journal of pharmacology, 455(2-3), 101-107.
Gul, A., Bakht, J., & Mehmood, F. (2018). Huperzine-A response to cognitive impairment and task switching deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.

L-Theanine

Haskell, C. F., Kennedy, D. O., Milne, A. L., Wesnes, K. A., & Scholey, A. B. (2008). The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biological psychology, 77(2), 113-122.
Park, S. K., Jung, I. C., Lee, W. K., Lee, Y. S., Park, H. K., Go, H. J., ... & Rho, S. S. (2011). A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of medicinal food, 14(4), 334-343.
Zarse, K., Jabin, S., & Ristow, M. (2012). L-Theanine extends lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans. European journal of nutrition, 51(6), 765-768.
Higashiyama, A., Htay, H. H., Ozeki, M., Juneja, L. R., & Kapoor, M. P. (2011). Effects of l-theanine on attention and reaction time response. Journal of Functional Foods, 3(3), 171-178.
Einöther, S. J., Martens, V. E., Rycroft, J. A., & De Bruin, E. A. (2010). L-theanine and caffeine improve task switching but not intersensory attention or subjective alertness. Appetite, 54(2), 406-409.

Green Coffee Bean Extract

Cropley, V., Croft, R., Silber, B., Neale, C., Scholey, A., Stough, C., & Schmitt, J. (2012). Does coffee enriched with chlorogenic acids improve mood and cognition after acute administration in healthy elderly? A pilot study. Psychopharmacology, 219(3), 737-749.
Van Dijk, A. E., Olthof, M. R., Meeuse, J. C., Seebus, E., Heine, R. J., & Van Dam, R. M. (2009). Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care, 32(6), 1023-1025.
Thom, E. (2007). The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people. Journal of International Medical Research, 35(6), 900-908.
Sato, Y., Itagaki, S., Kurokawa, T., Ogura, J., Kobayashi, M., Hirano, T., ... & Iseki, K. (2011). In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. International journal of pharmaceutics, 403(1-2), 136-138.

Rauwolscine

Perry, B. D., & U'Prichard, D. C. (1981). [3H] Rauwolscine (α-yohimbine): a specific antagonist radioligand for brain α2-adrenergic receptors. European journal of pharmacology, 76(4), 461-464.
Rockhold, R. W., & Gross, F. (1981). Yohimbine diastereoisomers: Cardiovascular effects after central and peripheral application in the rat. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 315(3), 227-231.
Arthur, J. M., Casańas, S. J., & Raymond, J. R. (1993). Partial agonist properties of rauwolscine and yohimbine for the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by recombinant human 5-HT1A receptors. Biochemical pharmacology, 45(11), 2337-2341.

Higenamine

Kato, E., Kimura, S., & Kawabata, J. (2017). Ability of higenamine and related compounds to enhance glucose uptake in L6 cells. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 25(24), 6412-6416.
Lee, S. R., Schriefer, J. M., Gunnels, T. A., Harvey, I. C., & Bloomer, R. J. (2013). Acute oral intake of a higenamine-based dietary supplement increases circulating free fatty acids and energy expenditure in human subjects. Lipids in health and disease, 12(1), 148.
Liu, W., Sato, Y., Hosoda, Y., Hirasawa, K., & Hanai, H. (2001). Effects of higenamine on regulation of ion transport in guinea pig distal colon. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 84(3), 244-251.
Nojima, H., Okazaki, M., & Kimura, I. (2000). Counter effects of higenamine and coryneine, components of aconite root, on acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminal in mice. Journal of Asian natural products research, 2(3), 195-203.

Paradoxine® Grains of Paradise

Riera, C. E., Menozzi‐Smarrito, C., Affolter, M., Michlig, S., Munari, C., Robert, F., ... & Le Coutre, J. (2009). Compounds from Sichuan and Melegueta peppers activate, covalently and non‐covalently, TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels. British journal of pharmacology, 157(8), 1398-1409.
Massoma Lembè, D., Gasco, M., Rubio, J., Yucra, S., Ngo Sock, E., & Gonzales, G. F. (2011). Effect of the ethanolic extract from Fagara tessmannii on testicular function, sex reproductive organs and hormone level in adult male rats. Andrologia, 43(2), 139-144.
El-Halawany, A. M., El Dine, R. S., Chung, M. H., Nishihara, T., & Hattori, M. (2011). Screening for estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of plants growing in Egypt and Thailand. Pharmacognosy research, 3(2), 107.
Sugita, J., Yoneshiro, T., Hatano, T., Aita, S., Ikemoto, T., Uchiwa, H., ... & Saito, M. (2013). Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(4), 733-738.

GBB (Gamma-butyrobetaine ethyl ester chloride)

Bach, A. (1982). Carnitine biosynthesis in mammals. Reproduction, nutrition, developpement, 22(4), 583-596.
Bremer, J. (1983). Carnitine--metabolism and functions. Physiological reviews, 63(4), 1420-1480.
Strijbis, K., Vaz, F. M., & Distel, B. (2010). Enzymology of the carnitine biosynthesis pathway. IUBMB life, 62(5), 357-362.
Pistone, G., Marino, A. D., Leotta, C., Dell’Arte, S., Finocchiaro, G., & Malaguarnera, M. (2003). Levocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue. Drugs & aging, 20(10), 761-767.
Malaguarnera, M., Cammalleri, L., Gargante, M. P., Vacante, M., Colonna, V., & Motta, M. (2007). l-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 86(6), 1738-1744.
Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., French, D. N., Rubin, M. R., Sharman, M. J., Gomez, A. L., ... & Hakkinen, K. (2003). The effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recovery. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(3), 455-462.
Jacobs, P. L., & Goldstein, E. R. (2010). Long-term glycine propionyl-l-carnitine supplemention and paradoxical effects on repeated anaerobic sprint performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 35.
Jacobs, P. L., Goldstein, E. R., Blackburn, W., Orem, I., & Hughes, J. J. (2009). Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 9.

Octopalean™ Octopamine

Visentin, V., Morin, N., Fontana, E., Prévot, D., Boucher, J., Castan, I., ... & Carpéné, C. (2001). Dual action of octopamine on glucose transport into adipocytes: inhibition via β3-adrenoceptor activation and stimulation via oxidation by amine oxidases. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 299(1), 96-104.
Flechtner-Mors, M., Jenkinson, C. P., Alt, A., Adler, G., & Ditschuneit, H. H. (2002). In vivo α1-adrenergic lipolytic activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 301(1), 229-233.
Fontana, E., Morin, N., Prévot, D., & Carpéné, C. (2000). Effects of octopamine on lipolysis, glucose transport and amine oxidation in mammalian fat cells. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 125(1), 33-44.
Marti, L., Morin, N., Enrique-Tarancon, G., Prevot, D., Lafontan, M., Testar, X., ... & Carpéné, C. (1998). Tyramine and vanadate synergistically stimulate glucose transport in rat adipocytes by amine oxidase-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 285(1), 342-349.

WARNING

California’s Proposition 65 entitles California consumers to special warnings.

WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www.P65warnings.ca.gov/

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