BCAAX

• Advanced Essential Amino Acid (EAA) Formula
• 3 Grams Leucine Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis
• Leucine Metabolite, HICA, Decreases Muscle Protein Breakdown
• Supports Lean Gains
• Superior Hydration and Absorption
• Amazing Flavors
• Clinical Dosing & Fully Transparent Labels

About

Amino Acid supplements are perennial dietary aids, known for generations to assist in lean muscle building and resisting muscle catabolism during long workouts, cardio, and dieting. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are easily the most important for athletic purposes, with the remainder of the essential amino acids (EAA) coming in as a very close 2^nd. BCAAX™ represents an advanced reinvention of the classic BCAA class of products.

• 6 Grams 2:1:1 BCAA Triggers Muscle Anabolism for Sustained Growth
• 1 Gram α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid (HICA) Resists Muscle Catabolism for Huge Net Increases in Muscle Hypertrophy
• 6 Grams of EAA and Conditionally Essential, Glutamine, Provides Muscle Substrate
• AstraGin® Activates Intestinal Amino Acid Transporters for Maximal Absorption
• Coconut Water Powder + Electrolytes Improves Hydration Status

BCAAX™ features over 10 grams of amino acids & amino metabolites plus absorption, hydration, and metabolic support ingredients with AstraGin®, Coconut Water, and B vitamins. BCAAX™ is superior for net protein balance – it enhances anabolism and blunts catabolism. By increasing muscle protein synthesis with amino acids, decreasing muscle protein breakdown with HICA, and simultaneously preserving anabolic amino acids with the inclusion of glutamine for preferential gluconeogenic utilization, BCAAX™ quickly ascends to the zenith of amino acid and intra-workout supplements.

Supp Facts

Ingredients

Niacin

Niacin (vitamin B3) is required to form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD performs the same function as FAD and may also slow aging.

• Improves blood flow and vascularization.
• Prevents pellagra.
• May delay onset of age-related diseases.
• Blond et al. discovered in 20 men without diabetes but with dyslipidemia, 2g niacin supplementation over the course of eight weeks promoted a reduction in triglycerides (28%) and VLDL (68%) while increasing HDL cholesterol (17%).

Vitamin B6
Like the other B’s, B6 is heavily involved in energy metabolism. It is a cofactor in over 100 reactions, many of which within the muscle, where it helps with glycogen utilization.

• Enhances muscle glycogen access and use.
• Involved in heme synthesis.
• Supports brain development and function.

Vitamin B12
Cobalamin (B12) may be the most popular of the B vitamins. Indeed, B12 does help with energy as well as oxygen transport and nervous system function.

• In B12-deficient athletes and ill persons, supplementation with B12 enhances endurance.
• Required for the formation of hemoglobin and prevents pernicious anemia.
• Involved in the replication of DNA.

Anabolic Muscle Rebuilding Complex

Branched-Chain Amino Acids
The branched chain amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Their branched structure predisposes them to oxidation in the muscle, but leucine is the primary nutrient acting as an anabolic signal, activating mTOR and protein synthesis.

• The amino acid leucine is the most potent nutritional signal for increase muscle protein synthesis (Norton, 2012).
• Research comparing different dietary leucine contents have observed that leucine is directly related to lean muscle mass and indirectly related to fat mass, meaning more leucine translates to more muscle and less fat over time.

HICA
HICA (α-hydroxyisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of leucine. Similar to other leucine metabolites (e.g., KIC & HMB), HICA aids in the resistance of muscle damage and breakdown.

• Just 4 weeks of HICA supplementation has been found to increase lean body mass and reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) by tipping the scales in favor of anabolism (Mero et al., 2010).
• May influence HMG-CoA reductase to maintain cell membrane integrity

Glutamine
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body. It contributes to several muscular anabolic processes, gut function, and immunity.

• Can independently stimulate muscle protein synthesis
• Used for replenishing muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise, especially when low-carb
• Lehmkuhi et al. (2003) observed that glutamine and creatine supplementation for 8 weeks increased lean body mass and power output.

Purge EAA Complex

Essential Amino Acids
There are 9 essential amino acids (EAA), which includes the 3 BCAAs. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body, and therefore, must be obtained in the diet. The BCAAs are primarily responsible for signaling an increase in protein synthesis, yet all EAA are required to form muscle tissues.

• A recent study by Wilkinson et al. (2017) found 1.5g of EAA (with just 0.6g leucine) to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis – an amount no different from 40g whey protein. BCAAX™ contains over 7g EAA.
• Just 6g of EAA after exercise have also been shown to increase muscle anabolism post-exercise, promoting recovery and growth.
• EAA supplementation during a caloric deficit helps preserve muscle mass while promoting greater rates of fat loss.

AstraGin®
A combination of Astragalus Membranaceus and Panax Notoginseng, AstraGin® has been validated to enhance nutrient absorption.

• Increases genetic expression of nutrient transporters along the intestinal wall
• Enhances amino acid absorption by 41% and leucine absorption by 58%

Cellular Hydration & Recovery Complex

Taurine
Taurine has a myriad of benefits. From helping the body to metabolize fat, improving insulin sensitivity, raising testosterone levels, as an antioxidant, to higher performance and quicker recovery during athletic training and increasing cardiovascular health… it goes without saying that taurine is a great ingredient to include in any dietary protocol.

• Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise induced DNA damage.
• Baek and colleagues (2012) found taurine to increase rates of angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels), and this effect is enhanced even more in the presence of beta-alanine.
• May reduce rates of cramping, especially if cramps are being caused by stimulants.

Coconut Water & Electrolytes
Coconut water and electrolytes help accelerate recovery of essential bodily fluids to maintain proper cellular functioning and athletic performance.

• A study comparing carbs + electrolyte vs. aminos + electrolyte found greater cellular rehydration with the amino + electrolyte blend, which also contained more potassium and magnesium (Tai, et al., 2014).
• Coconut water has been suggested to be a superior rehydration beverage than both carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks and plain water by equally restoring body fluids and being easier to drink (Saat et al., 2002).

  Niacin

  Niacin (vitamin B3) is required to form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD performs the same function as FAD and may also slow aging.
  • Improves blood flow and vascularization.
  • Prevents pellagra.
  • May delay onset of age-related diseases.
  • Blond et al. discovered in 20 men without diabetes but with dyslipidemia, 2g niacin supplementation over the course of eight weeks promoted a reduction in triglycerides (28%) and VLDL (68%) while increasing HDL cholesterol (17%).
  Vitamin B6
  Like the other B’s, B6 is heavily involved in energy metabolism. It is a cofactor in over 100 reactions, many of which within the muscle, where it helps with glycogen utilization.
  • Enhances muscle glycogen access and use.
  • Involved in heme synthesis.
  • Supports brain development and function.
  Vitamin B12
  Cobalamin (B12) may be the most popular of the B vitamins. Indeed, B12 does help with energy as well as oxygen transport and nervous system function.
  • In B12-deficient athletes and ill persons, supplementation with B12 enhances endurance.
  • Required for the formation of hemoglobin and prevents pernicious anemia.
  • Involved in the replication of DNA.

   

  Anabolic Muscle Rebuilding Complex
  

  Branched-Chain Amino Acids
  The branched chain amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Their branched structure predisposes them to oxidation in the muscle, but leucine is the primary nutrient acting as an anabolic signal, activating mTOR and protein synthesis.

  • The amino acid leucine is the most potent nutritional signal for increase muscle protein synthesis (Norton, 2012).
  • Research comparing different dietary leucine contents have observed that leucine is directly related to lean muscle mass and indirectly related to fat mass, meaning more leucine translates to more muscle and less fat over time.
  HICA
  HICA (α-hydroxyisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of leucine. Similar to other leucine metabolites (e.g., KIC & HMB), HICA aids in the resistance of muscle damage and breakdown.
  • Just 4 weeks of HICA supplementation has been found to increase lean body mass and reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) by tipping the scales in favor of anabolism (Mero et al., 2010).
  • May influence HMG-CoA reductase to maintain cell membrane integrity
  Glutamine
  Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body. It contributes to several muscular anabolic processes, gut function, and immunity.
  • Can independently stimulate muscle protein synthesis
  • Used for replenishing muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise, especially when low-carb
  • Lehmkuhi et al. (2003) observed that glutamine and creatine supplementation for 8 weeks increased lean body mass and power output.

   

  Purge EAA Complex

  Essential Amino Acids
  There are 9 essential amino acids (EAA), which includes the 3 BCAAs. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body, and therefore, must be obtained in the diet. The BCAAs are primarily responsible for signaling an increase in protein synthesis, yet all EAA are required to form muscle tissues.

  • A recent study by Wilkinson et al. (2017) found 1.5g of EAA (with just 0.6g leucine) to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis – an amount no different from 40g whey protein. BCAAX™ contains over 7g EAA.
  • Just 6g of EAA after exercise have also been shown to increase muscle anabolism post-exercise, promoting recovery and growth.
  • EAA supplementation during a caloric deficit helps preserve muscle mass while promoting greater rates of fat loss.
  AstraGin®
  A combination of Astragalus Membranaceus and Panax Notoginseng, AstraGin® has been validated to enhance nutrient absorption.
  • Increases genetic expression of nutrient transporters along the intestinal wall
  • Enhances amino acid absorption by 41% and leucine absorption by 58%

   

  Cellular Hydration & Recovery Complex

  Taurine
  Taurine has a myriad of benefits. From helping the body to metabolize fat, improving insulin sensitivity, raising testosterone levels, as an antioxidant, to higher performance and quicker recovery during athletic training and increasing cardiovascular health… it goes without saying that taurine is a great ingredient to include in any dietary protocol.

  • Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise induced DNA damage.
  • Baek and colleagues (2012) found taurine to increase rates of angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels), and this effect is enhanced even more in the presence of beta-alanine.
  • May reduce rates of cramping, especially if cramps are being caused by stimulants.
  Coconut Water & Electrolytes
  Coconut water and electrolytes help accelerate recovery of essential bodily fluids to maintain proper cellular functioning and athletic performance.
  • A study comparing carbs + electrolyte vs. aminos + electrolyte found greater cellular rehydration with the amino + electrolyte blend, which also contained more potassium and magnesium (Tai, et al., 2014).
  • Coconut water has been suggested to be a superior rehydration beverage than both carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks and plain water by equally restoring body fluids and being easier to drink (Saat et al., 2002).

FAQ

Q: What is the Best Way to Use BCAAX™?

A: BCAAX™ is a very versatile nutritional supplement. It is designed to be the best intra-workout product available. BCAAX™ may also be used as a 0 calorie post-workout recovery agent, to stimulate muscle anabolism between meals, and to preserve muscle during dieting without additional calories. For eany purpose, mix 1 scoop (13 grams) in 8-12 oz of water. For best results, use 1-3 times daily. Lean athletes over 220 lbs may want to use 1.5-2 scoops of BCAAX™ per session to fully saturate the muscles with amino acids.

Q: What is Muscle Protein Synthesis?

A: Muscle Protein Synthesis, or MPS, is the technical term to describe muscle recovery and growth. On the cellular level, proteins are formed by this process, which consists of joining many amino acids together to form muscle proteins. This involves between ~400 all the way up to ~33,000 amino acids depending on the muscle protein being synthesized!

Q: Are There Other Purge Sports Products that Pair Well with BCAAX™?

A: Yes! Depending on your goal, BCAAX™ can be used with RIPTX™ for enhanced fat loss without muscle loss. BCAAX™ may also be stacked with PREV2™ pre workout for intense workouts and maximal growth stimulation.

References

Niacin

1. Elam, M. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Davis, K. B., Garg, R., Johnson, C., Egan, D., … & Brinton, E. (2000). Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. Jama,284(10), 1263-1270.
2. Goldberg, A., Alagona, P., Capuzzi, D. M., Guyton, J., Morgan, J. M., Rodgers, J., … & Samuel, P. (2000). Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. The American journal of cardiology, 85(9), 1100-1105.
3. Guyton, J. R. (2007). Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. Current opinion in lipidology, 18(4), 415-420.
4. Blond, E., Rieusset, J., Alligier, M., Lambert-Porcheron, S., Bendridi, N., Gabert, L., ... & Roth, H. (2014). Nicotinic acid effects on insulin sensitivity and hepatic lipid metabolism: an in vivo to in vitro study. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 46(06), 390-396.

Vitamin B6

1. Denner, L. A., & Wu, J. Y. (1985). Two forms of rat brain glutamic acid decarboxylase differ in their dependence on free pyridoxal phosphate. Journal of neurochemistry, 44(3), 957-965.
2. Zhuo, J. M., & Praticò, D. (2010). Acceleration of brain amyloidosis in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model by a folate, vitamin B6 and B12-deficient diet. Experimental gerontology, 45(3), 195-201.
3. RICHERT, D. A., & SCHULMAN, M. P. (1959). Vitamin interrelationships in heme synthesis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 7(4), 416-425.
4. Hedrick, J. L., & Fischer, E. H. (1965). On the Role of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate in Phosphorylase. I. Absence of Classical Vitamin B6—dependent Enzymatic Activities in Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase. Biochemistry, 4(7), 1337-1343.
5. OKADA, M., ISHIKAWA, K., & WATANABE, K. (1991). Effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on glycogen metabolism in the skeletal muscle, heart, and liver of rats. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 37(4), 349-357.

Vitamin B12

1. Woolf, K., & Manore, M. M. (2006). B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 16(5), 453-484.
2. Paulin, F. V., Zagatto, A. M., Chiappa, G. R., & de Tarso Müller, P. (2017). Addition of vitamin B12 to exercise training improves cycle ergometer endurance in advanced COPD patients: A randomized and controlled study. Respiratory medicine, 122, 23-29.
3. Lukaski, H. C. (2004). Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 632-644.
4. Lövblad, K. O., Ramelli, G., Remonda, L., Nirkko, A. C., Ozdoba, C., & Schroth, G. (1997). Retardation of myelination due to dietary vitamin B 12 deficiency: cranial MRI findings. Pediatric radiology, 27(2), 155-158.
5. Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Keith, G., & Dirheimer, G. (1991). Effect of cobalamin derivatives on in vitro enzymic DNA methylation: methylcobalamin can act as a methyl donor. Biochemistry, 30(32), 8045-8051.

Anabolic Muscle Rebuilding Complex

Branched-Chain Amino Acids

1. Shimomura, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Bajotto, G., Sato, J., Murakami, T., Shimomura, N., ... & Mawatari, K. (2006). Nutraceutical effects of branched-chain amino acids on skeletal muscle. The Journal of nutrition, 136(2), 529S-532S.
2. Norton, L. E., Wilson, G. J., Layman, D. K., Moulton, C. J., & Garlick, P. J. (2012). Leucine content of dietary proteins is a determinant of postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in adult rats. Nutrition & metabolism, 9(1), 67.
3. Wilkinson, D. J., Bukhari, S. S., Phillips, B. E., Limb, M. C., Cegielski, J., Brook, M. S., ... & Lund, J. (2017). Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid and whey protein bolus dosing upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis at rest and after exercise in older women. Clinical Nutrition.
4. Norton, L. E., & Layman, D. K. (2006). Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. The Journal of nutrition, 136(2), 533S-537S.
5. Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006). A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 291(2), E381-E387.
6. Norton, L. E., Wilson, G. J., Rupassara, I., Garlick, P. J., & Layman, D. K. (2009). Leucine contents of isonitrogenous protein sources predict post prandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in rats fed a complete meal.

HICA

1. Tischler, M. E., Desautels, M., & Goldberg, A. L. (1982). Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257(4), 1613-1621.
2. Mero, A. A., Ojala, T., Hulmi, J. J., Puurtinen, R., Karila, T. A., & Seppälä, T. (2010). Effects of alfa-hydroxy-isocaproic acid on body composition, DOMS and performance in athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 1.
3. Walser, M., Lund, P., Ruderman, N. B., & Coulter, A. W. (1973). Synthesis of essential amino acids from their α-keto analogues by perfused rat liver and muscle. The Journal of clinical investigation, 52(11), 2865-2877.
4. Nissen, S. L., & Abumrad, N. N. (1997). Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB). The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 8(6), 300-311.

Glutamine

1. Welbourne, T. C. (1995). “Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load”. The American journal of clinical nutrition 61 (5): 1058–1061.
2. Morlion, B. J.; Stehle, P.; Wachtler, P.; Siedhoff, H. P.; Köller, M.; König, W.; Fürst, P.; Puchstein, C. (1998). “Total Parenteral Nutrition with Glutamine Dipeptide After Major Abdominal Surgery”. Annals of Surgery 227 (2): 302–308.
3. Lee, W. J.; Hawkins, R. A.; Viña, J. R.; Peterson, D. R. (1998). “Glutamine transport by the blood-brain barrier: A possible mechanism for nitrogen removal”. The American journal of physiology 274
4. Todorova, V. K., Kaufmann, Y., Luo, S., & Klimberg, V. S. (2011). Tamoxifen and raloxifene suppress the proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative cells through inhibition of glutamine uptake. [Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S.]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 67(2), 285-291.
5. Bowtell, J. L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M. L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M., & Rennie, M. J. (1999). Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology,86(6), 1770-1777.

Purge EAA Complex

Essential Amino Acids

1. Rasmussen, B. B., Tipton, K. D., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2000). An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. Journal of applied physiology, 88(2), 386-392.
2. Volpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B., & Wolfe, R. R. (2003). Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 78(2), 250-258.
3. Tipton, K. D., Ferrando, A. A., Phillips, S. M., Doyle Jr, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1999). Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 276(4), E628-E634.
4. Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Zhang, X. J., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Aarsland, A., ... & Wolfe, R. R. (2004). Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 286(3), E321-E328.
5. Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Urban, R. J., Sanford, A. P., Aarsland, A., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2004). Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(9), 4351-4358.
6. Coker, R. H., Miller, S., Schutzler, S., Deutz, N., & Wolfe, R. R. (2012). Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Nutrition journal, 11(1), 105.

AstraGin

1. AstraGin Product Dossier, Sections 6.4 – 6.17
2. Lu L., et al. Astragalus polysaccharides decrease muscle wasting through Akt/mTOR, ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy signaling in 5/6 nephrectomised rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;186:125-135

Cellular Hydration & Recovery Complex

Taurine

1. Zhang, M., Izumi, I., Kagamimori, S., Sokejima, S., Yamagami, T., Liu, Z., & Qi, B. (2004). Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. Amino acids, 26(2), 203-207.
2. Bouchama, A., Yusuf, A., Al-Sedairy, S., & El-Yazigi, A. (1993). Alteration of taurine homeostasis in acute heatstroke. Critical care medicine, 21(4), 551-554.
3. Gwacham, N., & Wagner, D. R. (2012). Acute effects of a caffeine-taurine energy drink on repeated sprint performance of American college football players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22(2), 109-116.
4. Baek, Y. Y., Cho, D. H., Choe, J., Lee, H., Jeoung, D., Ha, K. S., ... & Kim, Y. M. (2012). Extracellular taurine induces angiogenesis by activating ERK-, Akt-, and FAK-dependent signal pathways. European journal of pharmacology, 674(2-3), 188-199.
5. Warskulat, U., Brookmann, S., Felsner, I., Brenden, H., Grether‐Beck, S., & Häussinger, D. (2008). Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts. Experimental dermatology, 17(12), 1031-1036.
6. Yatabe, Y., Miyakawa, S., Miyazaki, T., Matsuzaki, Y., & Ochiai, N. (2003). Effects of taurine administration in rat skeletal muscles on exercise. Journal of orthopaedic science, 8(3), 415-419.

Coconut Water & Electrolytes

1. Tai, C. Y., Joy, J. M., Falcone, P. H., Carson, L. R., Mosman, M. M., Straight, J. L., ... & Moon, J. R. (2014). An amino acid-electrolyte beverage may increase cellular rehydration relative to carbohydrate-electrolyte and flavored water beverages. Nutrition journal, 13(1), 47.
2. Saat, M., Singh, R., Sirisinghe, R. G., & Nawawi, M. (2002). Rehydration after exercise with fresh young coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water. Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science, 21(2), 93-104.
3. Kalman, D. S., Feldman, S., Krieger, D. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2012). Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1.
4. Maughan, R. J., Owen, J. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B. (1994). Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 69(3), 209-215.
5. Stand, A. P. (2009). Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(2), 377-390.

WARNING

California’s Proposition 65 entitles California consumers to special warnings.

WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www.P65warnings.ca.gov/